The Covalent Structure of Proteins:-Large Proteins Must Be Sequenced in Smaller Segments

The overall accuracy of amino acid sequencing Gener ally declines as the length of the polypeptide increases. The very large polypeptides found in proteins must be broken down into smaller pieces to be sequenced efficiently. There are several steps in this process. First, the protein is cleaved into a set of specific fragments by chemical or enzymatic methods. If any disulfide bonds are present, they must be broken. Each fragment is pu rified, then sequenced by the Edman procedure. Finally, the order in which the fragments appear in the original protein is determined and disulfide bonds (if any) are located. Breaking Disulfide Bonds Disulfide bonds interfere with the sequencing procedure. A cystine residue (Fig. 3–7) that has one of its peptide bonds cleaved by the Edman procedure may remain attached to another polypeptide strand via its disulfide bond. Disulfide bonds also inter fere with the enzymatic or chemical cleavage of the polypeptide. Two approaches to irreversible breakage of disulfide bonds are outlined in Figure 3–26. Cleaving the Polypeptide Chain Several methods can be used for fragmenting the polypeptide chain. Enzymes called proteases catalyze the hydrolytic cleavage of peptide bonds. Some proteases cleave only the peptide bond adjacent to particular amino acid residues (Table 3–7) and thus fragment a polypeptide chain in a predictable and reproducible way. A number of chemical reagents also cleave the peptide bond adjacent to specific residues. Among proteases, the digestive enzyme trypsin catalyzes the hydrolysis of only those peptide bonds in which the carbonyl group is contributed by either a Lys or an Arg residue, regardless of the length or amino acid sequence of the chain. The number of smaller peptides produced by trypsin cleavage can thus be predicted

FIGURE 3–26 Breaking disulfide bonds in proteins. Two common methods are illustrated. Oxidation of a cystine residue with performic acid produces two cysteic acid residues. Reduction by dithiothreitol to form Cys residues must be followed by further modification of the reactive OSH groups to prevent re-formation of the disulfide bond. Acetylation by iodoacetate serves this purpose.

from the total number of Lys or Arg residues in the original polypeptide, as determined by hydrolysis of an intact sample (Fig. 3–27). A polypeptide with five Lys and/or Arg residues will usually yield six smaller pep tides on cleavage with trypsin. Moreover, all except one of these will have a carboxyl-terminal Lys or Arg. The fragments produced by trypsin (or other enzyme or chemical) action are then separated by chromato graphic or electrophoretic methods. Sequencing of Peptides Each peptide fragment resulting from the action of trypsin is sequenced separately by the Edman procedure. Ordering Peptide Fragments The order of the “trypsin fragments” in the original polypeptide chain must now be determined. Another sample of the intact polypep tide is cleaved into fragments using a different enzyme or reagent, one that cleaves peptide bonds at points other than those cleaved by trypsin. For example, cyanogen bromide cleaves only those peptide bonds in which the carbonyl group is contributed by Met. The fragments resulting from this second procedure are then separated and sequenced as before. The amino acid sequences of each fragment obtained by the two cleavage procedures are examined, with the objective of finding peptides from the second procedure whose sequences establish continuity, because of overlaps, between the fragments obtained by the first cleavage procedure (Fig. 3–27). Overlapping peptides obtained from the second fragmentation yield the correct order of the peptide fragments produced in the first. If the amino-terminal amino acid has been identified before the original cleavage of the protein, this information can be used to establish which fragment is derived from the amino terminus. The two sets of fragments can be compared for possible errors in deter mining the amino acid sequence of each fragment. If the second cleavage procedure fails to establish continuity between all peptides from the first cleavage, a third or even a fourth cleavage method must be used to obtain a set of peptides that can provide the necessary overlap(s). Locating Disulfide Bonds If the primary structure in cludes disulfide bonds, their locations are determined in an additional step after sequencing is completed. A sample of the protein is again cleaved with a reagent such as trypsin, this time without first breaking the disulfide bonds. The resulting peptides are separated by electrophoresis and compared with the original set of peptides generated by trypsin. For each disulfide bond, two of the original peptides will be missing and a new, larger peptide will appear. The two missing peptides represent the regions of the intact polypeptide that are linked by the disulfide bond.

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مواضيع ذات صلة

The Covalent Structure of Proteins:- Short Polypeptides Are Sequenced Using Automated Procedures

The Covalent Structure of Proteins:-The Amino Acid Sequences of Millions of Proteins Have Been Determined

The Covalent Structure of Proteins:-The Function of a Protein Depends on Its Amino Acid Sequence

Working with Proteins:- Unseparated Proteins Can Be Quantified

Working with Proteins:- Proteins Can Be Separated and Characterized by Electrophoresis

Working with Proteins:- Proteins Can Be Separated and Purified

Peptides and Proteins:- Some Proteins Contain Chemical Groups Other Than Amino Acids

Peptides and Proteins: - Polypeptides Have Characteristic Amino Acid Compositions

Peptides and Proteins: -Biologically Active Peptides and Polypeptides Occur in a Vast Range of Sizes

Peptides and Proteins: -Peptides Can Be Distinguished by Their Ionization Behavior

Peptides and Proteins: - Peptides Are Chains of Amino Acids

Amino Acids: -Amino Acids Differ in Their Acid-Base Properties