Metaphor and metonymy

In this chapter, we will examine the central claims associated with Conceptual Metaphor Theory. This framework was first proposed by George Lakoff and Mark Johnson in their 1980 book Metaphors We Live By and has been developed in a number of subsequent publications. Conceptual Metaphor Theory was one of the earliest theoretical frameworks identified as part of the cognitive semantics enterprise and provided much of the early theoretical impetus for the cognitive approach. The basic premise of Conceptual Metaphor Theory is that metaphor is not simply a stylistic feature of language, but that thought itself is fundamentally metaphorical in nature. According to this view, conceptual structure is organised according to cross domain mapping correspondences between conceptual domains. Some of these mappings are due to pre-conceptual embodied experiences while others build on these experiences in order to form more complex conceptual structures. For instance, we can think about and talk about QUANTITY in terms of VERTICAL ELEVATION, as in She got a really high mark in the test, where high relates not literally to physical height but to a good mark. According to Conceptual Metaphor Theory, this is because the conceptual domain QUANTITY is conventionally structured and therefore understood in terms of the conceptual domain VERTICALELEVATION. Conceptual operations involving mappings, such as conceptual metaphor, are known more generally as conceptual projection. The claims made by conceptual metaphor theorists like Lakoff and Johnson and their collaborators directly relate to two of the central assumptions associated with cognitive semantics which we identified in Chapter 5. The first is the embodied cognition thesis, which holds that conceptual structure is grounded in embodied experience, and the second is the thesis that semantic structure reflects conceptual structure.

Recentwork, particularly since Gibbs (1994), has also begun to emphasise the importance of a cognitive operation called conceptual metonymy. Research since the early 1990s has begun to suggest that this operation may be as least as important as conceptual metaphor in terms of providing conceptual structure (Kövecses and Radden 1998; Radden and Panther 1999). For this reason, both conceptual metaphor and conceptual metonymy are discussed in this chapter.

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مواضيع ذات صلة

Categorisation and idealised cognitive models Summary

The structure of ICMs

Addressing the problems with prototype theory

Radial categories as a further source of typicality effects

Sources of typicality effects

The theory of idealised cognitive models

Problems with prototype theory

The horizontal dimension

The vertical dimension

The categorisation system

Principles of categorization

Prototype theory