Grammar
Tenses
Present
Present Simple
Present Continuous
Present Perfect
Present Perfect Continuous
Past
Past Continuous
Past Perfect
Past Perfect Continuous
Past Simple
Future
Future Simple
Future Continuous
Future Perfect
Future Perfect Continuous
Passive and Active
Parts Of Speech
Nouns
Countable and uncountable nouns
Verbal nouns
Singular and Plural nouns
Proper nouns
Nouns gender
Nouns definition
Concrete nouns
Abstract nouns
Common nouns
Collective nouns
Definition Of Nouns
Verbs
Stative and dynamic verbs
Finite and nonfinite verbs
To be verbs
Transitive and intransitive verbs
Auxiliary verbs
Modal verbs
Regular and irregular verbs
Action verbs
Adverbs
Relative adverbs
Interrogative adverbs
Adverbs of time
Adverbs of place
Adverbs of reason
Adverbs of quantity
Adverbs of manner
Adverbs of frequency
Adverbs of affirmation
Adjectives
Quantitative adjective
Proper adjective
Possessive adjective
Numeral adjective
Interrogative adjective
Distributive adjective
Descriptive adjective
Demonstrative adjective
Pronouns
Subject pronoun
Relative pronoun
Reflexive pronoun
Reciprocal pronoun
Possessive pronoun
Personal pronoun
Interrogative pronoun
Indefinite pronoun
Emphatic pronoun
Distributive pronoun
Demonstrative pronoun
Pre Position
Preposition by function
Time preposition
Reason preposition
Possession preposition
Place preposition
Phrases preposition
Origin preposition
Measure preposition
Direction preposition
Contrast preposition
Agent preposition
Preposition by construction
Simple preposition
Phrase preposition
Double preposition
Compound preposition
Conjunctions
Subordinating conjunction
Correlative conjunction
Coordinating conjunction
Conjunctive adverbs
Interjections
Express calling interjection
Grammar Rules
Preference
Requests and offers
wishes
Be used to
Some and any
Could have done
Describing people
Giving advices
Possession
Comparative and superlative
Giving Reason
Making Suggestions
Apologizing
Forming questions
Since and for
Directions
Obligation
Adverbials
invitation
Articles
Imaginary condition
Zero conditional
First conditional
Second conditional
Third conditional
Reported speech
Linguistics
Phonetics
Phonology
Semantics
Pragmatics
Linguistics fields
Syntax
Morphology
Semantics
pragmatics
History
Writing
Grammar
Phonetics and Phonology
Semiotics
Reading Comprehension
Elementary
Intermediate
Advanced
Teaching Methods
Teaching Strategies
Sonorants /r/ and /l/
المؤلف:
Kate Burridge
المصدر:
A Handbook Of Varieties Of English Phonology
الجزء والصفحة:
1094-65
2024-06-27
845
Sonorants /r/ and /l/
Australian and New Zealand English show the different allophones of /l/ that occur in RP; namely, a slightly velarized lateral in onset positions and a considerably darker version in coda position. There is also evidence of increasing vocalization of /l/ in both dialects (thought not uniformly throughout) – the variant is a back vowel [u] that may or may not be rounded or labialized. The contexts that promote vocalized /l/ are: final cluster (as in milk), end position (as in pill) and syllabic environments (such as buckle).
These varieties are non-rhotic; in other words, /r/ is not pronounced in post-vocalic position. Most striking, therefore, is the variable rhoticity found in the Southern part of the South Island of New Zealand. In this variety the pronunciation of /r/ is most consistently maintained in the NURSE lexical set, and there is considerable variation in other contexts.
Australian and New Zealand English have a liaison feature known as linking R, whereby /r/ is pronounced in final position if there is a following vowel, as in phrases such as far off. Both varieties also show the so-called intrusive R whereby /r/ is inserted to link adjacent vowels, as in phrases such as idea(r) of and law(r) and order. There is also evidence of intrusive R in word-internal environments such as drawing and however. This liaison rule has also extended to laterals. In other words, the vocalization of /l/ has triggered a linking L (or, in some cases, a linking W) where a following word begins with a vowel, as in the phrase feel it.
Throughout NZ and Australia there is evidence of American English influence, particularly in the realm of vocabulary. Borrowed expressions and catchphrases are often pronounced with a kind of pseudo-American /r/. Many popular singers also adopt an American rhotic pronunciation.
The substitution of [n] for [ŋ] in words ending in -ing and [ŋk] for final [ŋ] in the group of indefinite pronouns something, anything and nothing are features these Antipodean varieties share with many others, most notably those of South East England. The latter feature, however, is still stigmatized and is typically confined to the broad varieties. It continues to attract fierce criticism.