Consonants

Stops: P/T/K, B/D/G

Word-initial voiceless stops are aspirated in American and Caribbean varieties, with few exceptions: a lack or weakening of this aspiration is the norm in CajE and Gullah, and possible in JamE/C. All North American dialects, including BahE but not the Caribbean varieties, regularly allow the lenisation (flapping, voicing) of intervocalic /t/ (so that writer sounds like rider); CajE is the only dialect in which this is found only under specific circumstances. The realization of /t/ as a glottal stop word-finally or intervocalically is regularly found only in AAVE and, in the Caribbean, in Baj; in SAmE, NEngE, Nfl dE and BahE this is a possible variant. The palatalization of word-initial velar stops (so that can’t and garden are pronounced with /kj/ and /gj/, respectively) marks Caribbean creoles (JamC, T&TC, TobC, SurC – where [tj/ʧ/dj/ʤ] are also found in such words). The same applies to the pronunciation of words with an initial b- with bw- (e.g. bwoy ‘boy’), documented for the same varieties and, marginally, also for NfldE. Saramaccan is noteworthy for the existence of implosive voiced stops, . In Saramaccan and Ndyuka word-internal /d/ may be replaced by a lateral /l/.

مواضيع ذات صلة

Spelling and Pronunciation SUMMARY

American English vs. British English

Morphological Basis of English Spelling

Phoneme–Grapheme Correspondences in English Vowels

Phoneme–Grapheme Correspondences in English Consonants

Spelling and Pronunciation Irregularity of English Spelling

Structural Factors in Second Language Phonology SUMMARY

Perception

Optimality Theory (OT)

Ontogeny Phylogeny Model (OPM)

Markedness

Hypercontrast