Consonants

Fricatives: TH, F/V, S/Z, SH/ZH, H, CH, etc.

Initial Fricative Voicing, in which /f, θ, s, ʃ / are realized as [v, ð, z, Ʒ] word-initially, is a particular feature of South-west England, and is also to be found in southern, and especially south-western, Wales: it is a highly recessive element in the accents of both areas. TH-stopping, both voiced and voiceless, rend1ering this thing [dɪs tɪŋ] , occurs in British Creole, and also as a highly stigmatized feature throughout Ireland: its occasionally reported presence in Glasgow might be as a result of influence from Ireland. Fronting of /ʃ/ is found in Shetland and Scotland.

 

Unvoicing of medial and word-final /z/ occurs in the English accents of those regions of Wales where Welsh is widely spoken. Interference from Welsh phonology is the cause.

 

Initial H-deletion is variable throughout Wales and England, generally taken as a feature of working-class speech. It is also found in the Channel Islands, in part perhaps as a result of influence from metropolitan French, and in British Creole, where, as a recessive feature, presence or absence of syllable-initial [h] can mark degrees of emphasis.

 

Characteristically Scottish /x/ in, for example, loch, is increasingly becoming [k] in Urban Scots, although [x] remains the widespread realization otherwise in Scotland, and is also found in Northern Ireland.

 

Welsh <II> and occur only occasionally in Welsh English outside the pronunciation of placenames, but, when they do, they may be expected to have their Welsh-language values of [Ɨ] and [x] respectively.

مواضيع ذات صلة

Spelling and Pronunciation SUMMARY

American English vs. British English

Morphological Basis of English Spelling

Phoneme–Grapheme Correspondences in English Vowels

Phoneme–Grapheme Correspondences in English Consonants

Spelling and Pronunciation Irregularity of English Spelling

Structural Factors in Second Language Phonology SUMMARY

Perception

Optimality Theory (OT)

Ontogeny Phylogeny Model (OPM)

Markedness

Hypercontrast