Grammar
Tenses
Present
Present Simple
Present Continuous
Present Perfect
Present Perfect Continuous
Past
Past Continuous
Past Perfect
Past Perfect Continuous
Past Simple
Future
Future Simple
Future Continuous
Future Perfect
Future Perfect Continuous
Passive and Active
Parts Of Speech
Nouns
Countable and uncountable nouns
Verbal nouns
Singular and Plural nouns
Proper nouns
Nouns gender
Nouns definition
Concrete nouns
Abstract nouns
Common nouns
Collective nouns
Definition Of Nouns
Verbs
Stative and dynamic verbs
Finite and nonfinite verbs
To be verbs
Transitive and intransitive verbs
Auxiliary verbs
Modal verbs
Regular and irregular verbs
Action verbs
Adverbs
Relative adverbs
Interrogative adverbs
Adverbs of time
Adverbs of place
Adverbs of reason
Adverbs of quantity
Adverbs of manner
Adverbs of frequency
Adverbs of affirmation
Adjectives
Quantitative adjective
Proper adjective
Possessive adjective
Numeral adjective
Interrogative adjective
Distributive adjective
Descriptive adjective
Demonstrative adjective
Pronouns
Subject pronoun
Relative pronoun
Reflexive pronoun
Reciprocal pronoun
Possessive pronoun
Personal pronoun
Interrogative pronoun
Indefinite pronoun
Emphatic pronoun
Distributive pronoun
Demonstrative pronoun
Pre Position
Preposition by function
Time preposition
Reason preposition
Possession preposition
Place preposition
Phrases preposition
Origin preposition
Measure preposition
Direction preposition
Contrast preposition
Agent preposition
Preposition by construction
Simple preposition
Phrase preposition
Double preposition
Compound preposition
Conjunctions
Subordinating conjunction
Correlative conjunction
Coordinating conjunction
Conjunctive adverbs
Interjections
Express calling interjection
Grammar Rules
Preference
Requests and offers
wishes
Be used to
Some and any
Could have done
Describing people
Giving advices
Possession
Comparative and superlative
Giving Reason
Making Suggestions
Apologizing
Forming questions
Since and for
Directions
Obligation
Adverbials
invitation
Articles
Imaginary condition
Zero conditional
First conditional
Second conditional
Third conditional
Reported speech
Linguistics
Phonetics
Phonology
Semantics
Pragmatics
Linguistics fields
Syntax
Morphology
Semantics
pragmatics
History
Writing
Grammar
Phonetics and Phonology
Semiotics
Reading Comprehension
Elementary
Intermediate
Advanced
Teaching Methods
Teaching Strategies
The diphthongs
المؤلف:
Rajend Mesthrie
المصدر:
A Handbook Of Varieties Of English Phonology
الجزء والصفحة:
958-55
2024-05-27
1222
The diphthongs
15. FACE: The only realization is [eɪ]. The first element tends to be short, as is the [ɪ] glide. In this regard InSAfE differs from varieties of SAfE which involve varying degrees of lowering, with centralizing of the [e].
16. GOAT: The usual diphthong here is [oʊ] with a weakly-rounded first element. For some speakers the glide [ʊ] is short, resulting in [oʊ] as a variant. However, monophthongal [o:], as in varieties of northern British English, is rare. The range of the initial element /o/ ranges from back to central-back, but does not approach fully-central or fronted or lowered variants found in other varieties of SAfE.
17. PRICE: The usual variant here is [aɪ], with degrees of centralizing of the [a]. The glide element [ɪ] is not weakened in contrast to other varieties of SAfE, including local prestige 'white' varieties in KwaZulu-Natal, in which a tendency towards monophthongisation exists
18. CHOICE: The usual variant here is [ɔɪ], with half-open [ɔ]. Closer variants involving [o] may be used by some speakers in formal public styles, in response to the greater prestige of this variant within general SAfE.
19. MOUTH: The usual variant is [ɑʊ], with fronter pronunciations of the first element in the direction of [a] also possible. The gliding element [ʊ] is not weakened, unlike general SAfE, where a tendency towards monophthongisation is present.
20. NEAR: The usual pronunciation of this diphthong is [i:jε], that is a long [i:] and a fairly open [ε] are spread over two syllables with an intervening glide [j]; thus [fi:jε] 'fear', [tʃi:jε] 'cheer', etc. However, [ɪə] surfaces in polysyllabic words like fearsome , and cheerful
.
21. SQUARE: This diphthong is usually reduced to the long monophthong [e:] as in general SAfE. The [e:] is slightly retracted in InSAfE. The RP equivalent [εə] is associated with 'Speech and Drama' accents, and is not aimed at by InSAfE speakers outside the acting world.
Some speakers exhibit considerable overlap between the NURSE and SQUARE vowels, i.e. between [з:] and [e:]. A cross-over is sometimes heard between pairs like fur-fair, with [e:] – [з:] respectively, rather than the expected reverse pattern of other varieties. Likewise hair and parents may each waver between centralized [e] and [з:].