Grammar
Tenses
Present
Present Simple
Present Continuous
Present Perfect
Present Perfect Continuous
Past
Past Continuous
Past Perfect
Past Perfect Continuous
Past Simple
Future
Future Simple
Future Continuous
Future Perfect
Future Perfect Continuous
Passive and Active
Parts Of Speech
Nouns
Countable and uncountable nouns
Verbal nouns
Singular and Plural nouns
Proper nouns
Nouns gender
Nouns definition
Concrete nouns
Abstract nouns
Common nouns
Collective nouns
Definition Of Nouns
Verbs
Stative and dynamic verbs
Finite and nonfinite verbs
To be verbs
Transitive and intransitive verbs
Auxiliary verbs
Modal verbs
Regular and irregular verbs
Action verbs
Adverbs
Relative adverbs
Interrogative adverbs
Adverbs of time
Adverbs of place
Adverbs of reason
Adverbs of quantity
Adverbs of manner
Adverbs of frequency
Adverbs of affirmation
Adjectives
Quantitative adjective
Proper adjective
Possessive adjective
Numeral adjective
Interrogative adjective
Distributive adjective
Descriptive adjective
Demonstrative adjective
Pronouns
Subject pronoun
Relative pronoun
Reflexive pronoun
Reciprocal pronoun
Possessive pronoun
Personal pronoun
Interrogative pronoun
Indefinite pronoun
Emphatic pronoun
Distributive pronoun
Demonstrative pronoun
Pre Position
Preposition by function
Time preposition
Reason preposition
Possession preposition
Place preposition
Phrases preposition
Origin preposition
Measure preposition
Direction preposition
Contrast preposition
Agent preposition
Preposition by construction
Simple preposition
Phrase preposition
Double preposition
Compound preposition
Conjunctions
Subordinating conjunction
Correlative conjunction
Coordinating conjunction
Conjunctive adverbs
Interjections
Express calling interjection
Grammar Rules
Preference
Requests and offers
wishes
Be used to
Some and any
Could have done
Describing people
Giving advices
Possession
Comparative and superlative
Giving Reason
Making Suggestions
Apologizing
Forming questions
Since and for
Directions
Obligation
Adverbials
invitation
Articles
Imaginary condition
Zero conditional
First conditional
Second conditional
Third conditional
Reported speech
Linguistics
Phonetics
Phonology
Semantics
Pragmatics
Linguistics fields
Syntax
Morphology
Semantics
pragmatics
History
Writing
Grammar
Phonetics and Phonology
Semiotics
Reading Comprehension
Elementary
Intermediate
Advanced
Teaching Methods
Teaching Strategies
Phonotactic rules
المؤلف:
Ian G. Malcolm
المصدر:
A Handbook Of Varieties Of English Phonology
الجزء والصفحة:
662-37
2024-04-24
999
Phonotactic rules
In Kriol, and to a lesser extent in Torres Strait Creole, there is a resistance to consonant clusters in initial or final position. Many of the phonotactic processes observed by Holm (1988−1989) in Atlantic creoles are also in evidence in Australian creoles. For example the omission of one or more sounds at the beginning of a word (“aphesis”), as in /ton/ ‘stone’, /piya/ ‘spear’ (Sandefur 1979: 39); the omission of one or more sounds from the middle of a word (“syncope”), as in Torres Strait Creole, where the middle consonant of three is often dropped word-medially (Crowley and Rigsby 1979); the omission of one or more sounds from the end of a word (“apocope”), as in /ek/ ‘axe’, /fren/ ‘friend’ (Sandefur 1979: 40); the addition of a sound at the beginning of a word (“prothesis”), as in njusimpat ‘to use’ (Fraser 1977: 152) and nother ‘other’ (Dutton 1970: 151); the insertion of a sound in the middle of a word (“epenthesis”), as in jineg ‘snake’, jilib ‘sleep’ (Sharpe and Sandefur 1977: 52), burrum ‘from’ (Sharpe and Sandefur 1977: 58) and anis ‘ants’ (Shnukal 1991); the addition of a sound to the end of a word (“paragogue”), as in wandi ‘want’ (Sharpe and Sandefur 1977: 56) and aksi ‘ask’ (Dutton 1970); and the changing of the order in which two sounds occur in a word (“metathesis”), as in aksi ‘ask’ (Dutton 1970: 144).
Vowel harmony may be observed between affix and stem, as in the case of the transitive verb suffix allomorphs, e.g. tjak-am ‘throw’, kuk-um ‘cook’ (Hudson 1981: 37).
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