Grammar
Tenses
Present
Present Simple
Present Continuous
Present Perfect
Present Perfect Continuous
Past
Past Continuous
Past Perfect
Past Perfect Continuous
Past Simple
Future
Future Simple
Future Continuous
Future Perfect
Future Perfect Continuous
Passive and Active
Parts Of Speech
Nouns
Countable and uncountable nouns
Verbal nouns
Singular and Plural nouns
Proper nouns
Nouns gender
Nouns definition
Concrete nouns
Abstract nouns
Common nouns
Collective nouns
Definition Of Nouns
Verbs
Stative and dynamic verbs
Finite and nonfinite verbs
To be verbs
Transitive and intransitive verbs
Auxiliary verbs
Modal verbs
Regular and irregular verbs
Action verbs
Adverbs
Relative adverbs
Interrogative adverbs
Adverbs of time
Adverbs of place
Adverbs of reason
Adverbs of quantity
Adverbs of manner
Adverbs of frequency
Adverbs of affirmation
Adjectives
Quantitative adjective
Proper adjective
Possessive adjective
Numeral adjective
Interrogative adjective
Distributive adjective
Descriptive adjective
Demonstrative adjective
Pronouns
Subject pronoun
Relative pronoun
Reflexive pronoun
Reciprocal pronoun
Possessive pronoun
Personal pronoun
Interrogative pronoun
Indefinite pronoun
Emphatic pronoun
Distributive pronoun
Demonstrative pronoun
Pre Position
Preposition by function
Time preposition
Reason preposition
Possession preposition
Place preposition
Phrases preposition
Origin preposition
Measure preposition
Direction preposition
Contrast preposition
Agent preposition
Preposition by construction
Simple preposition
Phrase preposition
Double preposition
Compound preposition
Conjunctions
Subordinating conjunction
Correlative conjunction
Coordinating conjunction
Conjunctive adverbs
Interjections
Express calling interjection
Grammar Rules
Preference
Requests and offers
wishes
Be used to
Some and any
Could have done
Describing people
Giving advices
Possession
Comparative and superlative
Giving Reason
Making Suggestions
Apologizing
Forming questions
Since and for
Directions
Obligation
Adverbials
invitation
Articles
Imaginary condition
Zero conditional
First conditional
Second conditional
Third conditional
Reported speech
Linguistics
Phonetics
Phonology
Semantics
Pragmatics
Linguistics fields
Syntax
Morphology
Semantics
pragmatics
History
Writing
Grammar
Phonetics and Phonology
Semiotics
Reading Comprehension
Elementary
Intermediate
Advanced
Teaching Methods
Teaching Strategies
Lexical distribution
المؤلف:
Laurie Bauer and Paul Warren
المصدر:
A Handbook Of Varieties Of English Phonology
الجزء والصفحة:
599-33
2024-04-20
974
Lexical distribution
There are not many differences in lexical distribution of vowels between New Zealand English and RP. The most obvious differences are listed below.
basic in old-fashioned pronunciation had TRAP in the first syllable, particularly in the combination basic slag; now FACE is usual
because variation between LOT, THOUGHT and STRUT
geyser always has stressed PRICE in the first syllable
gross pronounced with GOAT when a children’s term meaning ‘disgusting’, often pronounced with LOT by adults in other meanings
maroon sometimes heard with GOAT in the second syllable
off a rare THOUGHT is still heard alongside the usual LOT
project variably pronounced with LOT or GOAT in the first syllable
pronunciation non-standardly but frequently pronounced with MOUTH in the second syllable
proven often pronounced with GOAT in the stressed syllable as an alternative to GOOSE
tuna frequently has no yod
vitamin always has stressed PRICE in the first syllable
women pronounced as homophonous with woman, with FOOT in the first syllable
worry increasingly with LOT
yoghurt has GOAT in the first syllable
When French loan-words which have /y/ in French are pronounced in New Zealand English, the /y/ is replaced with GOOSE rather than with a /j/ and then GOOSE. So we find things like debut /dæebʉ:/.
There is a marked tendency to spelling-pronunciation in New Zealand English. Trentham is pronounced with /θ/ (although Thames, Thomas and Thompson are not); Davis will be pronounced differently from Davies; Catriona is frequently pronounced /kætri'ɐʉnɘ/ ; occurrence, deterrent with NURSE as the stressed vowel are not infrequent; Wednesday may still be heard pronounced with two /d/s. Many other examples are heard sporadically.
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