Grammar
Tenses
Present
Present Simple
Present Continuous
Present Perfect
Present Perfect Continuous
Past
Past Continuous
Past Perfect
Past Perfect Continuous
Past Simple
Future
Future Simple
Future Continuous
Future Perfect
Future Perfect Continuous
Passive and Active
Parts Of Speech
Nouns
Countable and uncountable nouns
Verbal nouns
Singular and Plural nouns
Proper nouns
Nouns gender
Nouns definition
Concrete nouns
Abstract nouns
Common nouns
Collective nouns
Definition Of Nouns
Verbs
Stative and dynamic verbs
Finite and nonfinite verbs
To be verbs
Transitive and intransitive verbs
Auxiliary verbs
Modal verbs
Regular and irregular verbs
Action verbs
Adverbs
Relative adverbs
Interrogative adverbs
Adverbs of time
Adverbs of place
Adverbs of reason
Adverbs of quantity
Adverbs of manner
Adverbs of frequency
Adverbs of affirmation
Adjectives
Quantitative adjective
Proper adjective
Possessive adjective
Numeral adjective
Interrogative adjective
Distributive adjective
Descriptive adjective
Demonstrative adjective
Pronouns
Subject pronoun
Relative pronoun
Reflexive pronoun
Reciprocal pronoun
Possessive pronoun
Personal pronoun
Interrogative pronoun
Indefinite pronoun
Emphatic pronoun
Distributive pronoun
Demonstrative pronoun
Pre Position
Preposition by function
Time preposition
Reason preposition
Possession preposition
Place preposition
Phrases preposition
Origin preposition
Measure preposition
Direction preposition
Contrast preposition
Agent preposition
Preposition by construction
Simple preposition
Phrase preposition
Double preposition
Compound preposition
Conjunctions
Subordinating conjunction
Correlative conjunction
Coordinating conjunction
Conjunctive adverbs
Interjections
Express calling interjection
Grammar Rules
Preference
Requests and offers
wishes
Be used to
Some and any
Could have done
Describing people
Giving advices
Possession
Comparative and superlative
Giving Reason
Making Suggestions
Apologizing
Forming questions
Since and for
Directions
Obligation
Adverbials
invitation
Articles
Imaginary condition
Zero conditional
First conditional
Second conditional
Third conditional
Reported speech
Linguistics
Phonetics
Phonology
Semantics
Pragmatics
Linguistics fields
Syntax
Morphology
Semantics
pragmatics
History
Writing
Grammar
Phonetics and Phonology
Semiotics
Reading Comprehension
Elementary
Intermediate
Advanced
Teaching Methods
Teaching Strategies
The consonants
المؤلف:
Valerie Youssef and Winford James
المصدر:
A Handbook Of Varieties Of English Phonology
الجزء والصفحة:
517-30
2024-04-13
1192
The consonants
The consonants show much less variation than the vowels, being mostly shared between Creole and English. As with other Caribbean Creoles, in both Trinidad and Tobago there is the shift to representation of [θ] as [t] and [ð] as [d] across the board, and these features are ceasing to be stigmatized even in pseudo-acrolectal speech. In Winford’s study in the 1970’s he found variation in the alternation among these variables in predictable patterns according to class and style, but in 2002 [t] and [d] as norms are a recognized and accepted part of pseudo-acrolectal speech with these variants having become markers with no censure attached to their use.
Final consonant clusters which exhibit the same voicing quality are reduced in all Caribbean creole varieties and Trinidad and Tobago are no exception. This is particularly the case with final /-t/ or /-d/ (although not [-nt]), and unusual with /-s/ or /-z/. As Labov (1972a) has pointed out for African American and Winford (1972) for Trinidadian, items that omit these behave differently according to their grammatical status, however, and are more likely to be retained when they represent a grammatical meaning, e.g. passed as opposed to past. From Winford’s (1972) data he was able to order such clusters according to frequency, showing some phonological constraint, but also, for speakers in the middle class, grammatical constraint. A variable which shows little social or stylistic stability is final -ng, which is realized word-finally as either [n] or [ŋ].
The consonantal features outlined thus far are becoming increasingly consistent in usage across the social and stylistic board.
Less frequent are the variation between [v] and [b] as in [bεri] for very, and the palatalization involved in the production of [ʧ] for [tr] as in [ʧri] for tree. Metathesis commonly occurs in voiceless clusters like ask which is rendered [aks], and crisp realized as [kips]. For older Indian speakers there is aspiration on voiced stops, as in [bhaji], bhaji, a leafy spinach, cited by Winer (1993: 17) from Mohan and Zador (1986). These sound types have all become stereotypes associated with rural and Indian speech. The variation on /r/, as for example when it is rendered [w], is derived from French Creole and the retroflex flap [ɻ] from Bhojpuri.
Trinidad is distinguished for its non-rhoticity, in this contrasting with neighboring Barbados and Guyana, as well as Jamaica. Wells (1982: 578) has noted that metropolitan English had become non-rhotic at the time when English was established in Trinidad but this connection remains speculative. It is also distinguished by the palatalization of velar consonants /k/ and /g/ so that [kjã] represents can’t and [gja:dεn] represents garden. In this feature there is no clear style or social differentiation (Solomon 1993: 181). But it is found more in rural Indian-rather than rural African speakers, with less clear-cut distinctions in urban areas (Winford 1972; Solomon 1993). Solomon suggests that it is word particular, being obligatory in can’t, and rare in words like calypso and ganja.
الاكثر قراءة في Phonology
اخر الاخبار
اخبار العتبة العباسية المقدسة

الآخبار الصحية
