Grammar
Tenses
Present
Present Simple
Present Continuous
Present Perfect
Present Perfect Continuous
Past
Past Continuous
Past Perfect
Past Perfect Continuous
Past Simple
Future
Future Simple
Future Continuous
Future Perfect
Future Perfect Continuous
Passive and Active
Parts Of Speech
Nouns
Countable and uncountable nouns
Verbal nouns
Singular and Plural nouns
Proper nouns
Nouns gender
Nouns definition
Concrete nouns
Abstract nouns
Common nouns
Collective nouns
Definition Of Nouns
Verbs
Stative and dynamic verbs
Finite and nonfinite verbs
To be verbs
Transitive and intransitive verbs
Auxiliary verbs
Modal verbs
Regular and irregular verbs
Action verbs
Adverbs
Relative adverbs
Interrogative adverbs
Adverbs of time
Adverbs of place
Adverbs of reason
Adverbs of quantity
Adverbs of manner
Adverbs of frequency
Adverbs of affirmation
Adjectives
Quantitative adjective
Proper adjective
Possessive adjective
Numeral adjective
Interrogative adjective
Distributive adjective
Descriptive adjective
Demonstrative adjective
Pronouns
Subject pronoun
Relative pronoun
Reflexive pronoun
Reciprocal pronoun
Possessive pronoun
Personal pronoun
Interrogative pronoun
Indefinite pronoun
Emphatic pronoun
Distributive pronoun
Demonstrative pronoun
Pre Position
Preposition by function
Time preposition
Reason preposition
Possession preposition
Place preposition
Phrases preposition
Origin preposition
Measure preposition
Direction preposition
Contrast preposition
Agent preposition
Preposition by construction
Simple preposition
Phrase preposition
Double preposition
Compound preposition
Conjunctions
Subordinating conjunction
Correlative conjunction
Coordinating conjunction
Conjunctive adverbs
Interjections
Express calling interjection
Grammar Rules
Preference
Requests and offers
wishes
Be used to
Some and any
Could have done
Describing people
Giving advices
Possession
Comparative and superlative
Giving Reason
Making Suggestions
Apologizing
Forming questions
Since and for
Directions
Obligation
Adverbials
invitation
Articles
Imaginary condition
Zero conditional
First conditional
Second conditional
Third conditional
Reported speech
Linguistics
Phonetics
Phonology
Semantics
Pragmatics
Linguistics fields
Syntax
Morphology
Semantics
pragmatics
History
Writing
Grammar
Phonetics and Phonology
Semiotics
Reading Comprehension
Elementary
Intermediate
Advanced
Teaching Methods
Teaching Strategies
Postvocalic
المؤلف:
Becky Childs and Walt Wolfram
المصدر:
A Handbook Of Varieties Of English Phonology
الجزء والصفحة:
446-26
2024-04-04
1219
Postvocalic r
The pronunciation of postvocalic /r/ in door, mother, and bird is quite variable, although most speakers exhibit r-lessness to some degree (Wells 1982). The speech of both black and white speakers tends to be non-rhotic, aligning with many dialects of England and with American English in the earlier Plantation South. The use of postvocalic /r/ in The Bahamas shows a pattern similar to that found for African American Vernacular English (Fasold and Wolfram 1970). Vocalization occurs in a word-final position when followed by a consonant (e.g. four cats) or vowel (e.g. four apples), with a following consonant favoring postvocalic r loss over a following vowel. Stressed nuclear r in bird or sir is more likely to be rhotic, with some ethnic division; black Bahamians are more likely to vocalize stressed nuclear r than their white counterparts. Finally, there is some intra-word intervocalic r loss as in ma’y for marry or Ca’ol for Carol. These cases of intervocalic, intra-word absence are not consistent and appear to be lexically based. Hackert (2004) notes that even though most Bahamian varieties are non-rhotic, some speakers now perceive r-full pronunciations as standard because of the influence of the American media. It may well be that this influence will eventually lead to a more rhotic variety, if this trend has not started already among some younger speakers.
Afro-Bahamians also vocalize postvocalic l in items such as steal and well, as do AAVE speakers, but Anglo-Bahamians tend to use an alveolar or “light” l regardless of phonetic environment, setting them apart from varieties such as American English.
In syllable-coda and intervocalic position, voiced sibilants may be devoiced in Anglo-Bahamian English. Thus, items like buzz and booze may be produced with a final [s] and easy and lazy may be produced with a voiceless sibilants, as ea[s]y la[s]y, respectively, and measure and treasure may be produced as mea [ʃ] ure and tread [ʃ] ure, respectively. Although many varieties of English have partial devoicing of obstruents in syllable-coda position, the final sibilant in Bahamian English may be fully voiceless. Furthermore, this devoicing even may apply to segments that are followed by a voiced segment, as in hu[s]band for husband and bu[s]iness for business. Although this pattern is quite prominent for Anglo speakers, it is not as extensive among Afro-Bahamians.
Older speakers in more remote areas of the islands may sometimes use [sr] for [θr] clusters, so that three and through may be pronounced as [sri] and [sru], respectively. However, this production is somewhat idiosyncratic; some speakers use it predominantly while others do not use it at all.
الاكثر قراءة في Phonology
اخر الاخبار
اخبار العتبة العباسية المقدسة

الآخبار الصحية
