0
EN
1
المرجع الالكتروني للمعلوماتية

Grammar

Tenses

Present

Present Simple

Present Continuous

Present Perfect

Present Perfect Continuous

Past

Past Simple

Past Continuous

Past Perfect

Past Perfect Continuous

Future

Future Simple

Future Continuous

Future Perfect

Future Perfect Continuous

Parts Of Speech

Nouns

Countable and uncountable nouns

Verbal nouns

Singular and Plural nouns

Proper nouns

Nouns gender

Nouns definition

Concrete nouns

Abstract nouns

Common nouns

Collective nouns

Definition Of Nouns

Animate and Inanimate nouns

Nouns

Verbs

Stative and dynamic verbs

Finite and nonfinite verbs

To be verbs

Transitive and intransitive verbs

Auxiliary verbs

Modal verbs

Regular and irregular verbs

Action verbs

Verbs

Adverbs

Relative adverbs

Interrogative adverbs

Adverbs of time

Adverbs of place

Adverbs of reason

Adverbs of quantity

Adverbs of manner

Adverbs of frequency

Adverbs of affirmation

Adverbs

Adjectives

Quantitative adjective

Proper adjective

Possessive adjective

Numeral adjective

Interrogative adjective

Distributive adjective

Descriptive adjective

Demonstrative adjective

Pronouns

Subject pronoun

Relative pronoun

Reflexive pronoun

Reciprocal pronoun

Possessive pronoun

Personal pronoun

Interrogative pronoun

Indefinite pronoun

Emphatic pronoun

Distributive pronoun

Demonstrative pronoun

Pronouns

Pre Position

Preposition by function

Time preposition

Reason preposition

Possession preposition

Place preposition

Phrases preposition

Origin preposition

Measure preposition

Direction preposition

Contrast preposition

Agent preposition

Preposition by construction

Simple preposition

Phrase preposition

Double preposition

Compound preposition

prepositions

Conjunctions

Subordinating conjunction

Correlative conjunction

Coordinating conjunction

Conjunctive adverbs

conjunctions

Interjections

Express calling interjection

Phrases

Sentences

Clauses

Part of Speech

Grammar Rules

Passive and Active

Preference

Requests and offers

wishes

Be used to

Some and any

Could have done

Describing people

Giving advices

Possession

Comparative and superlative

Giving Reason

Making Suggestions

Apologizing

Forming questions

Since and for

Directions

Obligation

Adverbials

invitation

Articles

Imaginary condition

Zero conditional

First conditional

Second conditional

Third conditional

Reported speech

Demonstratives

Determiners

Direct and Indirect speech

Linguistics

Phonetics

Phonology

Linguistics fields

Syntax

Morphology

Semantics

pragmatics

History

Writing

Grammar

Phonetics and Phonology

Semiotics

Reading Comprehension

Elementary

Intermediate

Advanced

Teaching Methods

Teaching Strategies

Assessment

قم بتسجيل الدخول اولاً لكي يتسنى لك الاعجاب والتعليق.

Acoustic representations and segments

المؤلف:  Richard Ogden

المصدر:  An Introduction to English Phonetics

الجزء والصفحة:  35-3

13-6-2022

1160

+

-

20

Acoustic representations and segments

Acoustic representations are rarely static in the way that transcriptions are. In the waveform and spectrogram of ‘spend’ (Figure 3.3), many things change simultaneously: the amplitude of the signal and the formants in particular are not static. In speech, many articulations do not start and stop quite synchronously. Looking at the spectrogram we can identify six or seven more or less stable portions. On the other hand, this utterance is transcribed broadly as [spεnd], which implies five discrete units.

Transcriptions and acoustic representations capture different kinds of truth about speech. [spεnd] captures the fact that English speakers conceive of this word as having five distinct sounds. English speakers’ intuitions about how many segments there are do not match up with what our eyes might tell us. The acoustic representation captures the fact that in speaking, the articulators are rarely static. When articulators move, these movements have acoustic consequences, and this very fluidity helps to make everyday speech easier to perceive. Both the acoustic and written representations convey important but different information about speech.

Transcriptions may have a generality to them which acoustic representations do not. A broad transcription represents many of the important details of the speech of a whole community of speakers, which is why such transcriptions are used in dictionaries. On the other hand, acoustic representations capture details and facts about one utterance on one occasion by one speaker (as may an impressionistic transcription); if the speaker changed, or if the same speaker produced the same word e.g. more slowly, then many of the details of the acoustic representation would also change. So acoustic representations may be less useful from the point of view of representing facts about language.

لا توجد تعليقات بعد

ما رأيك بالمقال : كن أول من يعلق على هذا المحتوى

اخر الاخبار

اشترك بقناتنا على التلجرام ليصلك كل ما هو جديد