Normal Vector					
				 
				
					
						
						 المؤلف:  
						Gray, A					
					
						
						 المصدر:  
						"Tangent and Normal Lines to Plane Curves." §5.5 in Modern Differential Geometry of Curves and Surfaces with Mathematica, 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press					
					
						
						 الجزء والصفحة:  
						...					
					
					
						
						29-9-2018
					
					
						
						2552					
				 
				
				
				
				
				
				
				
				
				
			 
			
			
				
				Normal Vector

The normal vector, often simply called the "normal," to a surface is a vector which is perpendicular to the surface at a given point. When normals are considered on closed surfaces, the inward-pointing normal (pointing towards the interior of the surface) and outward-pointing normal are usually distinguished.
The unit vector obtained by normalizing the normal vector (i.e., dividing a nonzero normal vector by its vector norm) is the unit normal vector, often known simply as the "unit normal." Care should be taken to not confuse the terms "vector norm" (length of vector), "normal vector" (perpendicular vector) and "normalized vector" (unit-length vector).
The normal vector is commonly denoted 
 or 
, with a hat sometimes (but not always) added (i.e., 
 and 
) to explicitly indicate a unit normal vector.
The normal vector at a point 
 on a surface 
 is given by
	
		
			![N=[f_x(x_0,y_0); f_y(x_0,y_0); -1],](http://mathworld.wolfram.com/images/equations/NormalVector/NumberedEquation1.gif)  | 
			
			 (1) 
			 | 
		
	
where 
 and 
 are partial derivatives.
A normal vector to a plane specified by
	
		
			  | 
			
			 (2) 
			 | 
		
	
is given by
	
		
			![N=del f=[a; b; c],](http://mathworld.wolfram.com/images/equations/NormalVector/NumberedEquation3.gif)  | 
			
			 (3) 
			 | 
		
	
where 
 denotes the gradient. The equation of a plane with normal vector 
 passing through the point 
 is given by
	
		
			![[a; b; c]·[x-x_0; y-y_0; z-z_0]=a(x-x_0)+b(y-y_0)+c(z-z_0)=0.](http://mathworld.wolfram.com/images/equations/NormalVector/NumberedEquation4.gif)  | 
			
			 (4) 
			 | 
		
	
For a plane curve, the unit normal vector can be defined by
	
		
			  | 
			
			 (5) 
			 | 
		
	
where 
 is the unit tangent vector and 
 is the polar angle. Given a unit tangent vector
	
		
			  | 
			
			 (6) 
			 | 
		
	
with 
, the normal is
	
		
			  | 
			
			 (7) 
			 | 
		
	
For a plane curve given parametrically, the normal vector relative to the point 
 is given by
To actually place the vector normal to the curve, it must be displaced by 
.
For a space curve, the unit normal is given by
where 
 is the tangent vector, 
 is the arc length, and 
 is the curvature. It is also given by
	
		
			  | 
			
			 (13) 
			 | 
		
	
where 
 is the binormal vector (Gray 1997, p. 192).
For a surface with parametrization 
, the normal vector is given by
	
		
			  | 
			
			 (14) 
			 | 
		
	
Given a three-dimensional surface defined implicitly by 
,
	
		
			  | 
			
			 (15) 
			 | 
		
	
If the surface is defined parametrically in the form
define the vectors
	
		
			![a=[x_phi; y_phi; z_phi]](http://mathworld.wolfram.com/images/equations/NormalVector/NumberedEquation11.gif)  | 
			
			 (19) 
			 | 
		
	
	
		
			![b=[x_psi; y_psi; z_psi].](http://mathworld.wolfram.com/images/equations/NormalVector/NumberedEquation12.gif)  | 
			
			 (20) 
			 | 
		
	
Then the unit normal vector is
	
		
			  | 
			
			 (21) 
			 | 
		
	
Let 
 be the discriminant of the metric tensor. Then
	
		
			  | 
			
			 (22) 
			 | 
		
	
 
REFERENCES:
Gray, A. "Tangent and Normal Lines to Plane Curves." §5.5 in Modern Differential Geometry of Curves and Surfaces with Mathematica, 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, pp. 108-111, 1997.
				
				
					
					
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