GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS

 Spirillum minus is a gram-negative, helical, strictly aerobic organism.

EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS

 Little information is available regarding the epidemiology or pathogenesis of S. minus, but it is supposed to be similar in some regards to that of S. moniliformis. The mode of transmission of infection is by a rat bite.

 SPECTRUM OF DISEASE

 S. minus also causes rat-bite fever in humans and is referred to as sodoku. The clinical signs and symptoms are similar to those caused by S. moniliformis, except that arthritis is rarely seen in patients with sodoku and swollen lymph nodes are prominent; febrile episodes are also more predictable in sodoku. The bite wound heals spontaneously, but 1 to 4 weeks later, it reulcerates to form a granulomatous lesion; at the same time, the patient develops constitutional symptoms of fever, headache, and a generalized, blotchy, purplish, maculopapular rash. Differentiation between rat-bite fever caused by S. minus and that caused by S. moniliformis is usually accomplished based on the clinical presentation of the two infections and isolation of the latter organism in culture. The incubation period for S. minus is much longer than that for streptobacillary rat-bite fever, which has occurred within 12 hours of the initial bite.

LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS

 Specimen Collection, Transport, and Processing

Specimens commonly submitted for diagnosis of sodoku include blood, exudate, or lymph node tissues. There are no requirements for specimen collection, transport, or processing of the organisms discussed in this chapter.

 Direction Detection Methods

 Because S. minus cannot be grown on synthetic media, diagnosis relies on direct visualization of characteristic spirochetes in clinical specimens using Giemsa or Wright stains, or dark-field microscopy. S. minus appears as a thick, spiral, gram-negative organism with two or three coils and polytrichous polar flagella. Diagnosis is definitively made by injection of lesion material or blood into experimental white mice or guinea pigs and subsequent recovery 1 to 3 weeks after inoculation.

Serodiagnosis

 There is no specific serologic test available for S. minus infection.

ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY TESTING AND THERAPY

 Because this spirochete is nonculturable, routine antimicrobial susceptibility testing is not performed.

 PREVENTION

No vaccines are available to prevent rat-bite fever. Disease is best prevented by avoiding contact with animals known to harbor the organism.

اخر الاخبار

اخبار العتبة العباسية المقدسة

قسم الصيانة ينفذ أعمال إدامة لإحدى المدارس في محافظة النجف الأشرف

المجمع العلمي يستأنف الختمة القرآنية الأسبوعية في محافظة الديوانية

حملة تطوير وتأهيل تشهدها مدينة الفردوس الترفيهية استعدادًا لاستقبال العوائل

العتبة العباسية المقدسة تطلق فعاليات مهرجان (ترتيل الرأس) السنوي الثاني في بغداد

المزيد

الآخبار الصحية

لون أسنانك يتحدث عن صحتك.. إليك ما يقول

عادة يومية بسيطة تخفض الكوليسترول وتحمي القلب

الزنجبيل.. دواء سحري لحماية القلب

المشروبات شديدة السخونة.. "خطر خفي" يهدد صحتك

المزيد

الآخبار التكنلوجية

كيف يمكن لعادات القيادة السيئة أن تؤثر على قيمة سيارتك

في طوفان الذكاء الاصطناعي.. نصائح لحجز "تذكرة النجاة"

هكذا يسرق "قراصنة الذكاء الاصطناعي" المليارات بطرق بسيطة

فيديو لانفجار كرة نارية في سماء اليابان.. ما تفسير ذلك؟

المزيد

مواضيع ذات صلة

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Therapy of Neisseria and Moraxella catarrhalis

Laboratory Diagnosis of Neisseria and Moraxella catarrhalis

Streptobacillus moniliformis

Myositis and Myonecrosis

Necrotizing Fasciitis

Cellulitis

Laboratory Diagnosis of Francisella

Laboratory Diagnosis of Bordetella pertussis, Bordetella parapertussis, and Related Species

Epidemiology and Pathogenesis of Bordetella pertussis, Bordetella parapertussis, and Related Species

Group B Streptococcal Disease

Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome

Signs and Symptoms of Streptococcal Infections