Grammar
Tenses
Present
Present Simple
Present Continuous
Present Perfect
Present Perfect Continuous
Past
Past Simple
Past Continuous
Past Perfect
Past Perfect Continuous
Future
Future Simple
Future Continuous
Future Perfect
Future Perfect Continuous
Parts Of Speech
Nouns
Countable and uncountable nouns
Verbal nouns
Singular and Plural nouns
Proper nouns
Nouns gender
Nouns definition
Concrete nouns
Abstract nouns
Common nouns
Collective nouns
Definition Of Nouns
Verbs
Stative and dynamic verbs
Finite and nonfinite verbs
To be verbs
Transitive and intransitive verbs
Auxiliary verbs
Modal verbs
Regular and irregular verbs
Action verbs
Adverbs
Relative adverbs
Interrogative adverbs
Adverbs of time
Adverbs of place
Adverbs of reason
Adverbs of quantity
Adverbs of manner
Adverbs of frequency
Adverbs of affirmation
Adjectives
Quantitative adjective
Proper adjective
Possessive adjective
Numeral adjective
Interrogative adjective
Distributive adjective
Descriptive adjective
Demonstrative adjective
Pronouns
Subject pronoun
Relative pronoun
Reflexive pronoun
Reciprocal pronoun
Possessive pronoun
Personal pronoun
Interrogative pronoun
Indefinite pronoun
Emphatic pronoun
Distributive pronoun
Demonstrative pronoun
Pre Position
Preposition by function
Time preposition
Reason preposition
Possession preposition
Place preposition
Phrases preposition
Origin preposition
Measure preposition
Direction preposition
Contrast preposition
Agent preposition
Preposition by construction
Simple preposition
Phrase preposition
Double preposition
Compound preposition
Conjunctions
Subordinating conjunction
Correlative conjunction
Coordinating conjunction
Conjunctive adverbs
Interjections
Express calling interjection
Grammar Rules
Passive and Active
Preference
Requests and offers
wishes
Be used to
Some and any
Could have done
Describing people
Giving advices
Possession
Comparative and superlative
Giving Reason
Making Suggestions
Apologizing
Forming questions
Since and for
Directions
Obligation
Adverbials
invitation
Articles
Imaginary condition
Zero conditional
First conditional
Second conditional
Third conditional
Reported speech
Linguistics
Phonetics
Phonology
Linguistics fields
Syntax
Morphology
Semantics
pragmatics
History
Writing
Grammar
Phonetics and Phonology
Semiotics
Reading Comprehension
Elementary
Intermediate
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Teaching Methods
Teaching Strategies
Assessment
ASSOCIATION
المؤلف:
John Field
المصدر:
Psycholinguistics
الجزء والصفحة:
P23
2025-07-28
64
+
-
20
ASSOCIATION
An early experimental technique in psychology required subjects to look at or hear a word, then to report the word or words which first came to mind. The technique continues to provide evidence of how words are associated in the mind.
Subjects in word association tasks usually respond with a word that is connected to the stimulus by meaning rather than form. Words which rhyme with the stimulus (clang responses) are relatively rare. This suggests that meaning associations in the lexicon are stronger than those of phonological or graphological similarity. The meaning associations are usually based upon semantic groupings, not physical resemblance (needle associates with thread rather than with nail). There is also a tendency to choose a word in the same word class as the stimulus.
The three strongest types of association appear to be: co-ordination (salt and pepper), collocation (butterfly and net, salt and water) and superordination (butterfly and insect). However, co-hyponyms (butterfly and moth, red and green), synonyms (hungry and starving) and ‘opposites’ (hungry and thirsty) also feature.
Further evidence for the strength of certain associations comes from patients suffering from brain damage. When reading a word, they may substitute an associate: mauve for purple or sister for daughter.
See also: Lexicon, Semantic network, Spreading activation
Further reading: Aitchison (2003: Chap. 8)
الاكثر قراءة في Linguistics fields
اخر الاخبار
اخبار العتبة العباسية المقدسة
الآخبار الصحية
"المهمة".. إصدار قصصي يوثّق القصص الفائزة في مسابقة فتوى الدفاع المقدسة للقصة القصيرة
(نوافذ).. إصدار أدبي يوثق القصص الفائزة في مسابقة الإمام العسكري (عليه السلام)
قسم الشؤون الفكرية يصدر مجموعة قصصية بعنوان (قلوب بلا مأوى)
