Grammar
Tenses
Present
Present Simple
Present Continuous
Present Perfect
Present Perfect Continuous
Past
Past Continuous
Past Perfect
Past Perfect Continuous
Past Simple
Future
Future Simple
Future Continuous
Future Perfect
Future Perfect Continuous
Passive and Active
Parts Of Speech
Nouns
Countable and uncountable nouns
Verbal nouns
Singular and Plural nouns
Proper nouns
Nouns gender
Nouns definition
Concrete nouns
Abstract nouns
Common nouns
Collective nouns
Definition Of Nouns
Verbs
Stative and dynamic verbs
Finite and nonfinite verbs
To be verbs
Transitive and intransitive verbs
Auxiliary verbs
Modal verbs
Regular and irregular verbs
Action verbs
Adverbs
Relative adverbs
Interrogative adverbs
Adverbs of time
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Adverbs of reason
Adverbs of quantity
Adverbs of manner
Adverbs of frequency
Adverbs of affirmation
Adjectives
Quantitative adjective
Proper adjective
Possessive adjective
Numeral adjective
Interrogative adjective
Distributive adjective
Descriptive adjective
Demonstrative adjective
Pronouns
Subject pronoun
Relative pronoun
Reflexive pronoun
Reciprocal pronoun
Possessive pronoun
Personal pronoun
Interrogative pronoun
Indefinite pronoun
Emphatic pronoun
Distributive pronoun
Demonstrative pronoun
Pre Position
Preposition by function
Time preposition
Reason preposition
Possession preposition
Place preposition
Phrases preposition
Origin preposition
Measure preposition
Direction preposition
Contrast preposition
Agent preposition
Preposition by construction
Simple preposition
Phrase preposition
Double preposition
Compound preposition
Conjunctions
Subordinating conjunction
Correlative conjunction
Coordinating conjunction
Conjunctive adverbs
Interjections
Express calling interjection
Grammar Rules
Preference
Requests and offers
wishes
Be used to
Some and any
Could have done
Describing people
Giving advices
Possession
Comparative and superlative
Giving Reason
Making Suggestions
Apologizing
Forming questions
Since and for
Directions
Obligation
Adverbials
invitation
Articles
Imaginary condition
Zero conditional
First conditional
Second conditional
Third conditional
Reported speech
Linguistics
Phonetics
Phonology
Semantics
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Linguistics fields
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pragmatics
History
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Prosody and intonation
المؤلف:
Peter L. Patrick
المصدر:
A Handbook Of Varieties Of English Phonology
الجزء والصفحة:
242-12
2024-03-14
960
Prosody and intonation
The BrC prosodic system’s interactive functions for turn-taking are studied by Local, Wells and Sebba (1985), who show that pitch characteristics of the final syllable of a syntactic unit help delimit turns in a way that contrasts with BrE.
Prosody and intonation are treated in depth for JamC and BrC by Sutcliffe and Figueroa (1992: 107–124), who regard them as syllable-timed tone languages with two contrastive tones, downstep and upstep. English word stress is most often associated with low tone, rather than high, resulting in English monolinguals’ perception that stress is often oddly misplaced in BrC (they mistakenly interpret high pitch as stress). Sutcliffe records several cases where British-born speakers pointed explicitly to grammatical patterns differentiated by tone for his benefit. He outlines a number of patterns contrasting question types, consecutive verb constructions, relative clauses, conditionals and indicatives by consistent devices such as marked tones on subject pronoun and main verb. There is little doubt that such elements have carried over from JamC productively, and yet it is difficult to reconcile them with more assimilated aspects of BrC phonology, suggesting that not only is further research required, but fundamental alterations in the sound system of BrC may take place in rising generations.
I thank David Sutcliffe for introducing me to the study of British Jamaican speech, and for discussion during the writing of this article; thanks also go to Michelle Straw and Pamela Knight, for allowing me to draw on their unpublished data and research, and contributing crucially to the fieldwork.
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