Grammar
Tenses
Present
Present Simple
Present Continuous
Present Perfect
Present Perfect Continuous
Past
Past Continuous
Past Perfect
Past Perfect Continuous
Past Simple
Future
Future Simple
Future Continuous
Future Perfect
Future Perfect Continuous
Passive and Active
Parts Of Speech
Nouns
Countable and uncountable nouns
Verbal nouns
Singular and Plural nouns
Proper nouns
Nouns gender
Nouns definition
Concrete nouns
Abstract nouns
Common nouns
Collective nouns
Definition Of Nouns
Verbs
Stative and dynamic verbs
Finite and nonfinite verbs
To be verbs
Transitive and intransitive verbs
Auxiliary verbs
Modal verbs
Regular and irregular verbs
Action verbs
Adverbs
Relative adverbs
Interrogative adverbs
Adverbs of time
Adverbs of place
Adverbs of reason
Adverbs of quantity
Adverbs of manner
Adverbs of frequency
Adverbs of affirmation
Adjectives
Quantitative adjective
Proper adjective
Possessive adjective
Numeral adjective
Interrogative adjective
Distributive adjective
Descriptive adjective
Demonstrative adjective
Pronouns
Subject pronoun
Relative pronoun
Reflexive pronoun
Reciprocal pronoun
Possessive pronoun
Personal pronoun
Interrogative pronoun
Indefinite pronoun
Emphatic pronoun
Distributive pronoun
Demonstrative pronoun
Pre Position
Preposition by function
Time preposition
Reason preposition
Possession preposition
Place preposition
Phrases preposition
Origin preposition
Measure preposition
Direction preposition
Contrast preposition
Agent preposition
Preposition by construction
Simple preposition
Phrase preposition
Double preposition
Compound preposition
Conjunctions
Subordinating conjunction
Correlative conjunction
Coordinating conjunction
Conjunctive adverbs
Interjections
Express calling interjection
Grammar Rules
Preference
Requests and offers
wishes
Be used to
Some and any
Could have done
Describing people
Giving advices
Possession
Comparative and superlative
Giving Reason
Making Suggestions
Apologizing
Forming questions
Since and for
Directions
Obligation
Adverbials
invitation
Articles
Imaginary condition
Zero conditional
First conditional
Second conditional
Third conditional
Reported speech
Linguistics
Phonetics
Phonology
Semantics
Pragmatics
Linguistics fields
Syntax
Morphology
Semantics
pragmatics
History
Writing
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Phonetics and Phonology
Semiotics
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Elementary
Intermediate
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Phonology of IndE Overview of previous studies
المؤلف:
Ravinder Gargesh
المصدر:
A Handbook Of Varieties Of English Phonology
الجزء والصفحة:
992-58
2024-06-04
1031
Phonology of IndE Overview of previous studies
Work on the phonetics and phonology of Indian English can be divided into five broad categories. The first category consists of works describing the phonetic aspects of IndE (e.g. Bansal 1978). The second category comprises studies that compare the sound system of RP with an Indian language and in the process involve a variety of IndE (e.g. with Tamil - Balasubramanian 1972). In the third category occur works which contrast RP with a regional variety of IndE (Marathi English – Kelkar 1957). The fourth category consists of works that study the perception and intelligibility of IndE (e.g. Bansal 1978). The fifth category consists of scholars who focus on the study of IndE in sociolinguistic contexts (e.g. Agnihotri 1991). In this process significant phonological patterns have been highlighted by Nihalani, Tongue and Hosali (1979), Kachru (1982: 359), Trudgill and Hannah (1982: 105) and others. The view emerging from most of these studies is that IndE is largely shaped by the phonological patterns of the respective mother tongues and that this process needs to be studied in depth. The description of IndE in the present work is based on tape recordings carried out in 2003 and 2004. The elicited data consists of word lists of Wells (1982) and Foulkes and Docherty (1999), a reading passage and a stretch of free conversation by speakers of IndE from various parts of the country. Since there is a large transferring or migrating population in Delhi, the entire recording was done in this capital city. For the analysis this work will first enumerate the distinctive sounds of IndE and then go on to look at the major phonological processes, and the principles of word accentuation and intonation.