Grammar
Tenses
Present
Present Simple
Present Continuous
Present Perfect
Present Perfect Continuous
Past
Past Continuous
Past Perfect
Past Perfect Continuous
Past Simple
Future
Future Simple
Future Continuous
Future Perfect
Future Perfect Continuous
Passive and Active
Parts Of Speech
Nouns
Countable and uncountable nouns
Verbal nouns
Singular and Plural nouns
Proper nouns
Nouns gender
Nouns definition
Concrete nouns
Abstract nouns
Common nouns
Collective nouns
Definition Of Nouns
Verbs
Stative and dynamic verbs
Finite and nonfinite verbs
To be verbs
Transitive and intransitive verbs
Auxiliary verbs
Modal verbs
Regular and irregular verbs
Action verbs
Adverbs
Relative adverbs
Interrogative adverbs
Adverbs of time
Adverbs of place
Adverbs of reason
Adverbs of quantity
Adverbs of manner
Adverbs of frequency
Adverbs of affirmation
Adjectives
Quantitative adjective
Proper adjective
Possessive adjective
Numeral adjective
Interrogative adjective
Distributive adjective
Descriptive adjective
Demonstrative adjective
Pronouns
Subject pronoun
Relative pronoun
Reflexive pronoun
Reciprocal pronoun
Possessive pronoun
Personal pronoun
Interrogative pronoun
Indefinite pronoun
Emphatic pronoun
Distributive pronoun
Demonstrative pronoun
Pre Position
Preposition by function
Time preposition
Reason preposition
Possession preposition
Place preposition
Phrases preposition
Origin preposition
Measure preposition
Direction preposition
Contrast preposition
Agent preposition
Preposition by construction
Simple preposition
Phrase preposition
Double preposition
Compound preposition
Conjunctions
Subordinating conjunction
Correlative conjunction
Coordinating conjunction
Conjunctive adverbs
Interjections
Express calling interjection
Grammar Rules
Preference
Requests and offers
wishes
Be used to
Some and any
Could have done
Describing people
Giving advices
Possession
Comparative and superlative
Giving Reason
Making Suggestions
Apologizing
Forming questions
Since and for
Directions
Obligation
Adverbials
invitation
Articles
Imaginary condition
Zero conditional
First conditional
Second conditional
Third conditional
Reported speech
Linguistics
Phonetics
Phonology
Semantics
Pragmatics
Linguistics fields
Syntax
Morphology
Semantics
pragmatics
History
Writing
Grammar
Phonetics and Phonology
Semiotics
Reading Comprehension
Elementary
Intermediate
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Teaching Methods
Teaching Strategies
Approximants R
المؤلف:
Peter Finn
المصدر:
A Handbook Of Varieties Of English Phonology
الجزء والصفحة:
976-56
2024-05-31
1243
+
-
20
Approximants
R
Wood points out that although CFE has a characteristically ‘obstruent’ /r/, as a variety of English CFE is generally non-rhotic; that is, unlike Afrikaans English (AfkE), /r/ is not pronounced in pre-consonantal or word-final contexts, probably because CVA itself generally has no pronounced /r/ in similar contexts, such as kerk ‘church’, ver ‘far’. Steenkamp’s study, which focussed on /r/, found at least four types in use – resonant [ɹ], fricative 
tap [ɾ] and trill [r] – with social differentiation correlating with linguistic variation. Thus, [ɹ] and 
were most typical of middle-class speakers and [r] was most typical of working-class speakers, but [ɾ] was most typical overall. Wood confirms that tapped or flapped /r/ is typical of Extreme CFE speakers and that with [ɾ] is the most usual realization, but notes a further variant – uvular [R], which is probably an L2 feature associated with speakers originating in the Western Cape interior. The impression gained from my own data is that the predominant realization is [ɾ], supporting Wood’s and Steenkamp’s findings. Additionally, Saffery (1986, also cited in Wood 1987: 112) notes the presence of intervocalic linking /r/.
مواضيع ذات صلة
قسم الشؤون الفكرية يصدر مجموعة قصصية بعنوان (قلوب بلا مأوى)
قسم الشؤون الفكرية يصدر مجموعة قصصية بعنوان (قلوب بلا مأوى)
قسم الشؤون الفكرية يصدر كتاب (سر الرضا) ضمن سلسلة (نمط الحياة)
