Multiple sclerosis is a chronic disease that affects the central nervous system, especially the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. This can lead to a wide range of symptoms throughout the body.

It is not possible to predict how multiple sclerosis (MS) will progress in any individual.

Some people have mild symptoms, such as blurred vision and numbness and tingling in the limbs. In severe cases, a person may experience paralysis, vision loss, and mobility problems. However, this is rare.

It is difficult to know precisely how many people have MS. According to the National Institute for Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), 250,000–350,000 people in the United States are living with MS.

The National Multiple Sclerosis Society estimate the number could be closer to 1 million.

However, new treatments are proving effective at slowing the disease.

What is MS?

Scientists do not know exactly what causes MS, but they believe it is an autoimmune disorder that affects the central nervous system (CNS). When a person has an autoimmune disease, the immune system attacks healthy tissue, just as it might attack a virus or bacteria.

In the case of MS, the immune system attacks the myelin sheath that surrounds and protects the nerve fibers, causing inflammation. Myelin also helps the nerves conduct electrical signals quickly and efficiently.

Multiple sclerosis means "scar tissue in multiple areas."

When the myelin sheath disappears or sustains damage in multiple areas, it leaves a scar, or sclerosis. Doctors also call these areas plaques or lesions. They mainly affect:

• the brain stem
• the cerebellum, which coordinates movement and controls balance
• the spinal cord
• the optic nerves
• white matter in some regions of the brain

As more lesions develop, nerve fibers can break or become damaged. As a result, the electrical impulses from the brain do not flow smoothly to the target nerve. This means that the body cannot carry out certain functions.

Types of MS

There are four types of MS:

Clinically isolated syndrome (CIS): This is a single, first episode, with symptoms lasting at least 24 hours. If another episode occurs at a later date, a doctor will diagnose relapse-remitting MS.

Relapse-remitting MS (RRMS): This is the most common form, affecting around 85% of people with MS. RRMS involves episodes of new or increasing symptoms, followed by periods of remission, during which symptoms go away partially or totally.

Primary progressive MS (PPMS): Symptoms worsen progressively, without early relapses or remissions. Some people may experience times of stability and periods when symptoms worsen and then get better. Around 15% of people with MS have PPMS.

Secondary progressive MS (SPMS): At first, people will experience episodes of relapse and remission, but then the disease will start to progress steadily.

Symptoms

Because MS affects the CNS, which controls all the actions in the body, symptoms can affect any part of the body.

The most common symptoms of MS are:

Muscle weakness: People may develop weak muscles due to lack of use or stimulation due to nerve damage.

Numbness and tingling: A pins and needles-type sensation is one of the earliest symptoms of MS that can affect the face, body, or arms and legs.

Lhermitte's sign: A person may experience a sensation like an electric shock when they move their neck, known as Lhermitte's sign.

Bladder problems: A person may have difficulty emptying their bladder or need to urinate frequently or suddenly (urge incontinence). Loss of bladder control is an early sign of MS.

Bowel problems: Constipation can cause fecal impaction, which can lead to bowel incontinence.

Fatigue: This can undermine a person's ability to function at work or at home. Fatigue is one of the most common symptoms of MS.

Dizziness and vertigo: These are common problems, along with balance and coordination issues.

Sexual dysfunction: Both males and females may lose interest in sex.

Spasticity and muscle spasms: This is an early sign of MS. Damaged nerve fibers in the spinal cord and brain can cause painful muscle spasms, particularly in the legs.

Tremor: Some people with MS may experience involuntary quivering movements.

Vision problems: Some people may experience double or blurred vision, a partial or total loss of vision, or red-green color distortion. This usually affects one eye at a time. Inflammation of the optic nerve can result in pain when the eye moves. Vision problems are an early sign of MS.

Gait and mobility changes: MS can change the way people walk, because of muscle weakness and problems with balance, dizziness, and fatigue.

Emotional changes and depression: Demyelination and nerve-fiber damage in the brain can trigger emotional changes.

Learning and memory problems: These can make it difficult to concentrate, plan, learn, prioritize, and multitask.

Pain: Pain is a common symptom in MS. Neuropathic pain is directly due to MS. Other types of pain occur because of weakness or stiffness of muscles.

Less common symptoms include:

• headache
• hearing loss
• itching
• respiratory or breathing problems
• seizures
• speech disorders
• swallowing problems

There is also a higher risk of:

• urinary tract infections
• reduced activity and loss of mobility

These can impact a person's work and social life.

In the later stages, people may experience changes in perception and thinking and sensitivity to heat.

MS affects individuals differently. For some, it starts with a subtle sensation, and their symptoms do not progress for months or years. Sometimes, symptoms worsen rapidly, within weeks or months.

A few people will only have mild symptoms, and others will experience significant changes that lead to disability. However, most people will experience times when symptoms worsen and then get better.

Lhermitte's sign is a common symptom of MS that happens when a person moves their head. Find out more here.

Causes and risk factors

Scientists do not really know what causes MS, but risk factors include:

Age: Most people receive a diagnosis between the ages of 20 and 40 years.

Sex: Most forms of MS are twice as likely to affect women than men.

Genetic factors: Susceptibility may pass down in the genes, but scientists believe an environmental trigger is also necessary for MS to develop, even in people with specific genetic features.

Smoking: People who smoke appear to be more likely to develop MS. They tend to have more lesions and brain shrinkage than non-smokers.

Infections: Exposure to viruses, such as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), or mononucleosis, may increase a person's risk of developing MS, but research has not shown a definite link. Other viruses that may play a role include human herpes virus type 6 (HHV6) and mycoplasma pneumonia.

Vitamin D deficiency: MS is more common among people who have less exposure to bright sunlight, which is necessary for the body to create vitamin D. Some experts think that low levels of vitamin D may affect the way the immune system works.

Vitamin B12 deficiency: The body uses vitamin B when it produces myelin. A lack of this vitamin may increase the risk of neurological diseases, such as MS.

Previous theories have included exposure to canine distemper, physical trauma, or aspartame, an artificial sweetener, but there is no evidence to support these

There is probably no single trigger for MS, but multiple factors may contribute.

Diagnosis

The doctor will carry out a physical and neurological examination, ask about symptoms, and consider the person's medical history.

No single test can confirm a diagnosis, so a doctor will use several strategies when deciding whether a person meets the criteria for a diagnosis.

These include:

• MRI scans of the brain and spinal cord, which may reveal lesions
• spinal fluid analysis, which may identify antibodies that suggest a previous infection
• an evoked potential test, which measures electrical activity in response to stimuli

Other conditions have symptoms that are similar to those of MS, so a doctor may suggest other tests to assess for other possible causes.

If the doctor diagnoses MS, they will need to identify what type it is and whether it is active or not. The person may need more tests in the future to assess for further changes.

Treatment

There is no cure for MS, but treatment is available that can:

• slow the progression and reduce the number and severity of relapses
• relieve symptoms

Some people also use complementary and alternative therapies, but research does not always confirm the usefulness of these.

Medications to slow progression

Several disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) have approval from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the relapsing forms of MS. These work by changing the way the immune system functions.

A doctor may give some of these by mouth, some by injection, and some as an infusion. How often the person needs to take them and whether or not they can do this at home will depend on the drug.

The following DMTs currently have approval:

Injectable medications

• interferon beta 1-a (Avonex and Rebif)
• interferon beta-1b (Betaseron and Extavia)
• glatiramer acetate: (Copaxone and Glatopa)
• peginterferon beta-1a) (Plegridy)

Oral medications

• teriflunomide (Aubagio)
• fingolimod (Gilenya)
• dimethyl fumarate (Tecfidera)
• mavenclad (cladribine)
• mayzent (siponimod)

Infused medications

• alemtuzumab (Lemtrada)
• mitoxantrone (Novantrone)
• ocrelizumab (Ocrevus)
• natalizumab (Tysabri)

Current guidelines recommend using these drugs from the early stages, as there is a good chance that they can slow the progression of MS, especially if the person takes them when symptoms are not yet severe.

Some drugs are more useful at specific stages. For example, a doctor may prescribe mitoxantrone at a later, more severe stage of MS.

A doctor will monitor how well a drug is working, as there may be adverse effects, and the same drugs do not suit everyone. New drug options coming onto the market are proving to be safer and more effective than some existing ones.

Adverse effects of immunosuppressant drugs include a higher risk of infections. Some medications may also harm the liver.

If a person notices adverse effects or if their symptoms get worse, they should seek medical advice.

Medications for relieving symptoms during a flare

Other drugs are useful when a person experiences a worsening of symptoms, during a flare. They will not need these drugs all the time.

Corticosteroids: These reduce inflammation and suppress the immune system. They can treat an acute flare-up of symptoms in certain types of MS. Examples include Solu-Medrol (methylprednisolone) and Deltasone (prednisone). Steroids can have adverse effects if a person uses them too often, and they are not likely to provide any long-term benefit.

Behavioral changes: If vision problems occur, a doctor may recommend resting the eyes from time to time or limiting screen time. A person with MS may need to learn to rest when fatigue sets in and to pace themselves so they can complete activities.

Problems with mobility and balance: Physical therapy and walking devices, such as a cane, may help. The drug dalfampridine (Ampyra) may also prove useful.

Tremor: A person may use assistive devices or attach weights to the limbs to reduce shaking. Medications may also help with tremors.

Fatigue: Getting enough rest and avoiding heat can help. Physical and occupational therapy can help teach people more comfortable ways to do things. Assistive devices, such as a mobility scooter, can help conserve energy. Medication or counseling may help boost energy by improving sleep.

Pain: A doctor may prescribe anticonvulsant or antispasmodic drugs or alcohol injections to relieve trigeminal neuralgia, a sharp pain that affects the face. Pain relief medication, such as gabapentin, may help with body pain. There are also medications to relieve muscle pain and cramping in MS.

Bladder and bowel problems: Some medications and dietary changes can help resolve these.

Depression: A doctor may prescribe a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), as these are less likely to cause fatigue than other antidepressant drugs.

Cognitive changes: Donepezil, a drug for Alzheimer's, may help some people.

Complementary and alternative therapies

The following may help with different aspects of MS:

• heat and massage treatment for pain
• acupuncture for pain and gait
• stress management to boost mood
• exercise to maintain strength and flexibility, reduce stiffness, and boost mood
• a healthful diet with plenty of fresh fruits, vegetables, and fiber
• quitting or avoiding smoking

Various supplements are available for purchase online, including vitamin D and Omega-3 supplements.

Some people use these, although scientists have not proven that they will help. A person should not use supplements without first consulting their doctor.

Rehabilitation and physical therapy

Rehabilitation can help improve or maintain a person's ability to perform effectively at home and work.

Programs generally include:

Physical therapy: This aims to provide the skills to maintain and restore maximum movement and functional ability.

Occupational therapy: The therapeutic use of work, self-care, and play may help maintain mental and physical function.

Speech and swallowing therapy: A speech and language therapist will carry out specialized training for those who need it.

Cognitive rehabilitation: This helps people manage specific problems in thinking and perception.

Vocational rehabilitation: This helps a person whose life has changed with MS to make career plans, learn job skills, get and keep a job.

Plasma exchange

Plasma exchange involves withdrawing blood from the individual, removing the plasma, replacing it with new plasma, and transfusing it back into the person.

This process removes the antibodies in the blood that are attacking parts of the person's body, but whether it can help people with MS is unclear. Studies have produced mixed results.

Plasma exchange is usually only suitable for severe MS attacks.

Stem cell therapy

Scientists are looking into the use of stem cell therapy to regenerate various body cells and restore function to those who have lost it due to a health condition.

Researchers hope that one day, stem cell therapy techniques may be able to reverse the damage done by MS and restore functionality in the nervous system.

Outlook

MS is a potentially severe health condition that affects the nervous system. Progression of MS is different for each person, so it is hard to predict what will happen, but most people will not experience severe disability.

In recent years, scientists have made rapid progress in developing drugs and treatments for MS. Newer drugs are safer and more effective, and they offer significant hope for slowing disease progression.

As researchers learn more about genetic features and changes that occur with MS, there is also hope that they will be able to predict more easily which kind of MS a person will have and establish the most effective treatment from the earliest stage.

A person who receives appropriate treatment and follows a healthful lifestyle can expect to live the same number of years as a person without MS.

Source: Medical News Today