الوضع الليلي
3:12:1 
2026-10-11 
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Approximately in 9/630-31, the Prophet (s) composed a letter addressed to the Christians of Najran, inviting them to embrace Islam. Since the representatives of Najran in Medina did not embrace Islam after hearing the words of the Prophet (s), he proposed a mubāhala (a mutual cursing) to them. The following day, upon witnessing the Prophet’s arrival accompanied by ʿAlī (a), Fāṭima (a), Imam al-Ḥasan (a), and Imam al-Ḥusayn (a) for the mubāhala, the Christians of Najran decided against participating in the mubāhala. Instead, they reached an agreement to pay annual taxes, known as jizya.
The instruction to engage in mubāhala with the Christians of Najran was revealed to the Prophet (s) as verse 61 of Surah Āl ʿImrān (3): ”Should anyone argue with you concerning him, after the knowledge that has come to you, say, ‘Come! Let us call our sons and your sons, our women and your women, our souls and your souls, then let us pray earnestly, and call down Allah’s curse upon the liars’.” Following the revelation of this verse, the Prophet (s) appeared for the mubāhala accompanied by ʿAlī (a), Fāṭima (a), al-Ḥasan (a), and al-Ḥusayn (a), declaring, “These are my household (Ahl al-Bayt).” According to a hadith narrated by ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿAbbās, in this verse, the term “sons” refers to al-Ḥasan and al-Ḥusayn (a), “women” refers to Fāṭima (a), and “our souls” refers to ʿAlī (a). After citing this hadith, al-Ḥākim al-Naysābūrī (d. 405/1015) further mentions that following the gathering for the mubāhala, the Prophet (s) stated, “These are our sons, our souls, and our women. You should also bring your souls, your sons, and your women so that we may engage in mubāhala and invoke Allah’s curse upon the liars.” Al Naysābūrī asserts that this account is frequently transmitted (mutawātir) in various Quranic exegeses.
When the Christians of Najran chose not to participate in the mubāhala and agreed to pay jizya (an annual tax), the Prophet (s) reached a compromise with them, involving the Christians of Najran offering 2,000 valuable garments, each worth 40 dirhams. Furthermore, he established a peace pact with them to solidify the agreement, and it was written by ʿAlī (a). After some time, the Prophet (s) sent ʿAlī (a) to the lands of Najran to collect the jizya from the residents there.
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